Kant philosophy Essay

For this case, I will be using Kantian ethics to pinpoint the rationally correct action to take. Before discussing Kantian ethics in relation to the case, we must first explore what Kantian ethics is. Kantian ethics comes from the deontological school of thought, which focuses on the moral correctness of the act in itself (Johnson, 2013). This means that the judgment on the act is done a priori. This is contrasted to the consequentialist school of thought, which focuses on the results of an act as the factor that would qualify the rightness or wrongness of an action (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2012). A consequentialist would make a judgment on an act a posteriori. Kant utilized a concept called the Categorical Imperative, which states that that which is moral is that which is rational (Johnson, 2013). Therefore, a moral act is one that follows from a rational agent. An immoral act, as it follows, is that which is irrational (Johnson, 2013). Another significant factor to consider in Kantian ethics is that the most important value that they seek to preserve is autonomy. Contrasted to a Utilitarian, a Kantian would promote autonomy rather than happiness. The Categorical Imperative contains three main elements. One element of the Categorical Imperative is the formula of universalizable maxims. The formula of universalizable maxims states that a right action is that which can be universalizable (Johnson, 2013). The question here would be: would an action be acceptable if everyone did it? To test this, a person would need to imagine a twin world wherein that action is the norm for everyone. Then that person would need to see if such a world is conceivable and rational. Another important factor for this experiment would be to see if the universalized act would inhibit other people’s freedom. If the universalized act or maxim doesn’t infringe on other’s freedom then this act is acceptable (Johnson, 2013). Another element under the Categorical Imperative is the Humanity Formula. This concept states that humanity is a means in itself and should never be treated merely as a means to an end (Johnson, 2013). This means that each human being must be respected because he or she has his or her own inherent autonomy and dignity (Johnson, 2013). This formula stipulates that a person may not be manipulated by another as a means to achieve a particular goal. Realistically, though, you cannot help but use people as means to an end (Johnson, 2013). This happens everyday, for example, when we use shop clerks to purchase food. In this example, we are using the shop clerks as a means to get the ends, which is food. The reason as to why this particular case of using a person as a means to an end is acceptable is because of the idea of consent. A shop clerk has freely chosen to pursue his or her own line of work and this entails being a means through which people can purchase food. Thus, the shop clerk consents to being a means to this particular end. The third element under the Categorical Imperative is the Kingdom of Ends Formula. This formulation states that an agent exists in a community that is made up of equally rational agents who have just as much say in the maxims that become universalized (Johnson, 2013). The universalized maxims become the law and every agent in this community agrees to conform his or her actions to the law. B. DISCUSSION OF CASE For this particular case, we are dealing with the maxim of taking cognitive enhancing drugs to increase productivity output. If we were to test this particular maxim using the formula of universalizability, we would have to imagine a world wherein every person would do this particular action. In this world, everyone would use cognitive enhancing drugs to meet deadlines or to finish their work faster. In the face of stress, instead of overcoming the obstacle through the person’s own hard work and will, he would only merely need to pop a pill. As mentioned in the case, this kind of accepted behavior could create a new kind of neuro-society. This new neuro-society would be filled with people popping pills like Adderall or Ritalin to focus on their work on hand. There is essentially nothing wrong with increasing the ability of a person to focus on a particular task. The downside of this kind of society would be that it would become a society of drug dependency. Designer drugs like the ones previously mentioned would act as a quick fix for people. Instead of relying on their own wills and capacities, people would be relying merely on the drug to be able to produce an output. This dependency goes against the value the Kantian holds above everything else: autonomy. By allowing a drug-dependent society to prosper, we would be limiting our own freedom by slowly becoming more dependent on drugs. In this world where using cognitive enhancing drugs is the norm, imagine if the drug would suddenly be taken away. People would not know how to focus or get their work done without the drug. In the face of stress, people wouldn’t know how to act since they have lost the drug that previously did all the work for them. This is because they supplemented their own shortcomings with the drug instead of developing themselves into becoming fully functioning and autonomous adults who could deal with their problems. This maxim being universalized would stunt our own development and would, in turn, create an infantilized society. This thought experiment aims to show that the maxim of using cognitive enhancing drugs does not pass the test of universalizability. Secondly, in this world with this universalized maxim, the using of cognitive enhancing drugs may become a norm not only for college students or adults, but also for children. Children are vulnerable in the sense that their autonomy is still limited. Because a Kantian would uphold autonomy as the most important value, he or she would feel an obligation to protect vulnerable parties who have limited autonomy. In this world, there may be over-achieving parents who want their children to be competitive in the world of academics. If the using of cognitive enhancing drugs becomes the norm, then these kinds of parents might try to get their children to take these kinds of drugs to get ahead in their studies. A Kantian would see that the children must be protected from these kinds of actions since they cannot utilize their autonomy in the full capacity. Another point for this argument is that if children are put on cognitive enhancing drugs from an early age, then they will grow up never knowing what it is like to function without these drugs. Furthermore, they will become extremely dependent and they will never be able to realize their own full potential and capacity. This means that their autonomies will always be somewhat limited. Therefore, a world wherein cognitive enhancing drugs are the norm, not just for adults but also for children, must be avoided. Therefore, based on the twin world test, the use of cognitive enhancing drugs should not become a norm since it creates a dependent society and it creates an opportunity for vulnerable parties to remain vulnerable and never reach their full autonomies. Thirdly, another reason as to why this particular maxim would not be acceptable for a Kantian is because it goes against another element of the Categorical Imperative: the Human Formula. As previously stated, this formulation asserts that humans should not be used merely as means to an end. This formulation includes disallowing agents in using themselves as a means to an end (Manninen, 2006). The act of taking cognitive enhancing drugs reduces the person to merely a means to an end. Instead of respecting one’s own capacity to achieve one’s full potential, a person merely reduces himself to something akin to a machine that will produce output in the quickest way possible. Instead of the person using his or her own capacity in facing the challenge, the act of using a cognitive enhancing drug will circumvent the process of self-development and will skip the opportunity for personal growth. In this manner, the person will accomplish the short-term goal of churning out an output without actually developing his or her own talents. As noted in a journal article by Manninen (2006), when drugs are treated as a miracle solution to the stressful emotions an agent is feeling, this stops the agent from growing and overcoming the stress by himself or herself. This sacrifices an important aspect of being human: the capacity to engage in personal development. This stunts personal growth and, in turn, society is left with people who do not know how to deal with problems by themselves. Instead, they turn to using drugs as an emotional crutch. In conclusion, we see how a Kantian would view the maxim of using cognitive enhancing pills in response to stress or a heavy workload. Since the most important value for the Kantian is autonomy and the development of this, he or she would see this maxim as something that limits and stunts autonomy. Therefore, to make this maxim into a universalized law would be irrational. In my opinion, I think that Kantian ethics did pinpoint the morally correct response in this case. This is because the using of cognitive enhancing drugs would reduce the agent to a mere means. This is not morally correct since human beings are not mere means nor machines but rather rational agents who deserve respect and the chance to grow. References: Johnson, R. (2013). Kant’s Moral Philosophy. In E. Zalta (Ed. ), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/kant-moral/ Manninen, B. A. (2006). Medicating the mind: A kantian analysis of overprescribing psychoactive drugs. Journal of medical ethics, 32(2), 100-105. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2012). Consequentialism. In E. Zalta (Ed. ), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo. cgi? entry=consequentialism.

Cardinal & Ordinal Approach in Economics

Cardinal utility analysisHuman wants are unlimited and they are of different strength. The means at the disposal of a man are not only scarce but they have alternative uses. As a result of scarcity of resources, the consumer cannot satisfy all his wants. He has to choose as to which want is to be satisfied first and which afterward if the resources permit. The consumer is confronted in making a choice. For example, a man’ is thirsty. He goes to the market and satisfies his thirst by purchasing coca’-cola instead of tea. We are here to examine the economic forces which. Make him purchase a particular commodity. The answer is simple. The consumer buys a commodity because it gives him satisfaction. In technical term, a consumer purchases a commodity because it has utility† for him. We now examine the tools which are used in the analysis of. Consumer behavior.Concept of utilityJevons (1835-1882) was the first economist who introduced the concept of utility in economic s. According to him ‘utility’ is the basis on which the demand of an individual for a commodity depends ‘Utility’ is defined as the power of a commodity or service to satisfy human want. Utility thus is the satisfaction which is derived by the consumer by consuming the goods. For example, cloth has a utility for us because we can wear it. Pen has a utility for a person who can write with it. The utility is subjective in nature. It differs from person to person. The utility of a bottle of wine is zero for a person who is non-drinker while it has a very high utility for a drinker.Here it may be noted that the term ‘utility’ may not be confused with pleasure or awfulness which a commodity gives to an individual. Utility is a subjective satisfaction which consumer gets from .consuming any good or service. For example,Poison is injurious to health but it gives subjective satisfaction to a person who wishes to die. We can say that utility is value ne utral.

Is Chinua Achebe Correct in Asserting That Heart of Darkness Is Essentially a Racist Novel Essay

Chinua Achebe’s’ expresses his view on Heart of Darkness as an essentially racist novel and he is correct in saying this. His essay focuses mainly on the portrayal of the Congo as an ‘other world’ in which Conrad describes it to be an antithesis of Europe and the European standards and overall of civilisation as a whole. The racism presented by Conrad in the novel is evident through his manipulation of perspective and dehumanisation of the native Africans as discussed in Achebe’s essay. Joseph Conrad manipulates the perspective of the reader and the attitude they have towards the natives and Europeans alike through the bestowal of human expression to Europeans and the withholding of it from the Africans, as Achebe explains. When comparing the description of the two women, the African woman and European woman, the reader is able to depict a subtle yet definite difference in the way each woman’s expression is characterised. The African woman, who is seen to be as a mistress to Mr Kurtz, is illustrated as a very mysterious figure ‘’with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose’’ making her character unidentifiable. Whereas the European woman is talked about more clearly and the reader can easily recognise her character because she is given emotions and feeling, ‘’she had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering’’. In Conrad characterising each woman in such different ways, the reader feels as though the European woman is more relatable as opposed to the native woman who is not expressed with feelings. This lack of human expression in the description of the African woman, as commented on by Achebe, created a noticeable barrier between the complexity of natives and Europeans. For the most part, the natives are not given any dialogue but instead their speech is replaced with ‘’a violent babble of uncouth sounds’’. Achebe however, refers to two significant parts of the novel when native Africans are given English dialogue. These are when the cannibals request the humans to eat, ‘’catch ‘im. Give ‘im to us. ’’. As well as the famous announcement, ‘’Mistah Kurtz—he dead’’. When first read, the reader thinks of these as high points for the natives because they appear to be at the same level as the Europeans in terms of getting dialogue ithin the novel. Chinua Achebe opposes this by stating that in reality they constitute some of his best assaults as these examples of dialogue in fact degrade the natives. This changes the reader’s perspective into assume that through the use of grunts and incoherent speech they are inferior and inarticulate in comparison t o the language used by the Europeans. This difference in amount and quality of dialogue between the Africans and colonising Europeans contributes to making Heart of Darkness an essentially a racist novel. The novel reveals the Africans being reduced to metaphorical expanse of dangerous and dark jungle of animals into which the European colonists venture. Chinua Achebe is correct in criticising Heart of Darkness as a racist novel, this is seen particularly through Conrad’s dehumanisation of the Congolese natives. Throughout the novel Conrad’s descriptions of the natives are used to create the idea of uncivilised, savage being whom cannot be of the same standards as the Europeans. Conrad’s most effective way of dehumanising the African people is through his use of imagery, ‘’a whirl of black limbs, as mass of hands’’. This does not give the impression that these are human beings but instead that they are just parts of humans, therefore making them seem incomplete and inferior in comparison the way Europeans are described. This imagery is also important when Conrad describes native workers as ‘’decaying machinery’’, this creates the image that the Congolese are not valued as humans, as Europeans are, but rather as disposable articles who can easily be replaced after they have done their work. The language choices in which Conrad has made also have a great impact on the way the natives are perceived. By using phrases such as ‘’the beaten nigger groaned somewhere’’, the Congolese natives are referred to in a very uncivilised manner. A way in which no European would ever be described leads the reader to believe that the Africans are in fact inferior to the Europeans, making them less of a human. These descriptions make it evident that Conrad’s writing involving the natives made them appear beast-like and savage therefore dehumanising them in a way that can only be seen as racist. Although these racial depictions may not be used to knowingly dehumanise and objectify the Congolese people, Chinua Achebe rightly criticises Heart of Darkness as a racist novel. The constant comparison between the two cultures, African and European, are simply explained as one being civilised whereas the other is portrayed as savage. The unavoidable reality that Conrad’s descriptions of the natives were accurate expressions of the European perspective justifies Achebe’s assertion that Heart of Darkness is essentially a racist novel.

Creatingyour dream job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creatingyour dream job - Assignment Example Teamwork Able to lead the team with expertise, address team conflicts, use emotional intelligence to understand team dynamics and synergize individual strengths into team's overall strengths. Interpersonal Skills Able to socialize with and empathize/respect people to gain a good rapport and credibility and be aware of prevailing issues, maintain composure in critical situations. Problem Solving and Decision making skills Able to identify current and potential problems/opportunities and take a quick and informed decision before or during the issue at hand. Planning and Organizing skills Able to weigh and prioritize the tasks, set and meet objectives and deadlines by devising plans to ensure successful execution of activities. Creativity Brings innovative and cost effective ideas/solutions to problems, introduces a positive change by identifying and applying best practices, makes efficient use of available resources to deal with all HR operations. MS Office and Internet Able to use tec hnology to communicate throughout the organization for handling conflicts and manage HRIS and other HR related Operations, proficient in MS Excel and MS Word for document and data maintenance. AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY Maintain HR Business Relationships by observing cost and headcount trends, evaluating employee feedbacks to identify unusual trends and provide relevant solutions to relevant departments. Oversee the entire Recruitment and Selection process including identifying hiring needs, implementing cost-effective sourcing of candidates and oversee orientation in compliance with company's recruitment and selection procedure. Oversee and manage the Performance Appraisal process in communication with the Line Managers and update the HOF with relevant results that is the names of high performers and low performers. Oversee and manage the Training and Development programs at regional level by identifying training needs, facilitating Line Managers in developing Development Plans/career paths and updating HOF with training schedules. Manage employee relations by conducting regular meetings with Line Managers to identify workplace dissatisfactions and conflicts, suggest them appropriate ways of managing these issues, conduct exit interviews and update HOF with full report. Manage HR Operations at regional level Manage Job Descriptions' provisions and updates to ensure JD's for all positions are available and updated. Highlight employee engagement needs in the region, coordinate with Organizational Development to plan appropriate activities and facilitate development programs. (Lane) Compensation And Benefits Package As a Relationship Manager of HR

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection - Essay Example In this paper, I give the self-discoveries I have made from this course with regard to my growth as a leader in terms of power, coercion and management functions. Various ways exist in which to define leadership because of the variance in the meaning attached to leadership under diverse contexts. Nonetheless, the bottom line of leadership entails a focus on the processes of a group. It entails how an individual’s behavior or personality perspective interacts to cause transformation. Additionally, it entails the power relationship between the leader and the followers. Therefore, the definition of leadership as a process of an individual influencing a group of individuals so as to achieve a common objective by Northouse (2010) adequately covers all aspects of leadership. This means that in this evaluation of my leadership, I look at how I have been able to influence various groups of individuals to achieve the intended common goal. It will involve an analysis of my leadership traits and how I have used such traits to influence groups. First, just as is human nature to love power, I have sought to acquire power under various capacities that would give me the command and thus the leadership. Without power, it would be difficult for me to cause transformation in a group. After all, Northouse (2010) defines power as the capacity to influence. Without this potential, it implies that it would be difficult for me to control any group. Borrowing from the traits approach to leadership, some of my physical traits have greatly contributed to my leadership positions. Being tall and well built has always been a way in which people have opted to give me legitimate power in many groups. The most recent is the position of chairmanship of a group of a minority represented in the school. Through this power, I was able to bring about changes among the minority students, empowering them to occupy executive positions in the school’s students’ council. This way,

Love. Negligent Tort Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Negligent Tort - Coursework Example There must have been a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, the duty of care must have been breached, the breach must have resulted into a loss, and the immediate loss must have been attributable to the actions of the defendant (Miller and Gentz, 2009). Duty of care refers to a person’s obligation to refrain from causing harm to other members of the society and from infringing other people’s rights. The principle of duty of care therefore establishes fundamentals of peaceful coexistence in the society. The measure of degree of duty of care in the law of negligent tort is measured by the standard of a normally rational person. Further, determination of the duty of care relies on the capacity of the defendant. There are however certain exemptions to a person’s duty of care to other parties. Foreseeable risks and contributory negligence for instance reduces a defendant’s liability to exercise a duty of care to another person (Miller and Gentz, 2009). Negligent tort is further defined by failure to exercise a person’s duty of care to others. The breach of duty of care is also defined by normal standards of the defendant and the environment. A professional medical practitioner is for example more liable for breach of duty of care to a patient than an ordinary citizen under the same conditions is. The breach of duty of care must subsequently be supported by a resultant legal damage. The term legal damage means that the injury that is suffered by the plaintiff must be actionable before a legal system. This is because some losses may not be legally recognized (Miller and Gentz, 2009). The final element of a negligent tort is the proximate causation. This element defines the relationship between the damage suffered and the actions of the defendant. Negligent tort can only be instituted if the damage suffered by the plaintiff is attributable to the defendant’s breach of duty of care (Ramlogan, Persadie and

Approaches to Teaching Grammar Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Approaches to Teaching Grammar - Article Example The apparent limitation of the syllabus was that students were not involved in learning the language due to the monotonous nature of activities. Secondly, adults feel that the language they are learning is not preparing them for the world. The skills of language; reading, writing, speaking and writing were taught in isolation and in a very set manner. Since, we use more than one skill at a time, learners were forced to focus on one skill and the integration of skill development was missing. Speaking was ignored like in any traditional classroom, due to its difficult nature of assessment and requires a competent teacher. All the focus is on writing as it is considered the most important academic skill. The main reason for learning English language is instrumental. Like other countries, this country is also facing recession and employment rates are constantly fluctuating rather deteriorating. Students want to learn the language to seek new opportunities around the world. When this Institution will activate my syllabus, they have to consider that it is learner centered where adults come to discuss debate, interact socially and philosophically and begin to work in teams. The main aim of the course is to make it motivating and interesting for the students. Target Learners First thing to be kept in mind is that the students are a part of society and we have to touch English in the manner it is appropriate. Culture of target language will also be exposed to students to a certain degree. Learning English for my target students is not a total new experience as they have completed their twelve years of education, where weekly 120 minutes were given to language teaching. But the medium of instruction remains Arabic.... First thing to be kept in mind is that the students are a part of society and we have to touch English in the manner it is appropriate. The culture of target language will also be exposed to students to a certain degree. Learning English for my target students is not a totally new experience as they have completed their twelve years of education, where weekly 120 minutes were given to language teaching. But the medium of instruction remains Arabic. Language development is to the extent where the students understand instructions and follow them appropriately, but with some emphasis on repetition of instructions. The students can read and comprehend with the teacher’s help. Teacher is always in control and there aren’t many opportunities for learners to talk about their lives, opinions, and experiences. Teacher takes most of the time explaining to the learners how to go about the written activities. Learners listen to the teacher and do accordingly; obviously repetition o f instructions is in demand. Learners have very less room for creativity and expression. Activities are monotonous and last for the whole period. All the activities revolve around making the learner write in the end. Learners feel bored and there is no excitement as the classes have routine and learners know what is going to happen next. The learners do not find authentic language to use it outside the class but they are able to write an application, letters and etc. What they lack is confidence in talking in English along with the experience.

Philosephy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosephy - Essay Example He also intends that his work will be used by anatomists of reason away from historical knowledge. Because the content of his work is something new, Kant contends that the time for philosophical historians will come after critics and anatomists are done with their work. His intent behind writing this essay is to show that metaphysics requires openness in order to get fresh insights, rather than its reduction to something already known in scientific circles. Simply, Kant intends to restrict metaphysical investigations to the knowledge and experience that will make it actual or possible. The question on whether a science is possible shows that there is doubt about its actuality. The metaphysics that Kant refers to is only possible through virtue of its existence, as well as what he calls illusionary knowledge, which works to render it unviable as a science. Kant proposes several conditions that must be satisfied for a possible science like metaphysics to become actual science. He contends that possible science must have universal recognition with its validity being a major feature. He also says that possible science must have lasting recognition with featured acceptance in order for it to be considered actual science, while it should also undergo continual advancement and cumulative progress. Finally, possible science should also possess standards of knowledge that aid in discrimination of ignorance. There needs to be a careful and accurate investigation of pure reason’s existing critique, which, if absent, should render all pretensions of the possible scienc e impractical. The modern idea of science is that there should be knowledge that is experimentally verifiable and methodical, which are the critical factors and conditions of an actual science. Kant argues that it is no possible to extend knowledge to speculative metaphysics, which is a super-sensible realm in his words. He argues that

Communication for Managers Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication for Managers Final Exam - Essay Example 23). First, Speaking slowly and clearly is one of the strategies used in global business, to address communication barriers. This is because many people fail to understand what the other person is saying due to speed of communication leading to vague meaning. Thus, this strategy gives an opportunity for foreigners to understand what the native speakers are saying (Guffey, 2009). Second, asking for clarification addresses communication barriers, to gain a deeper understanding of the subject mater. Thus, it is wise to allow one to ask a question to ensure that the intended information has reached the required party (Hogan & Stubbs, 2003, p. 34). Frequently checking for understanding is a third strategy used in avoiding communication barrier. When communicating with someone, ask questions to establish whether the communication objectives are realized (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 32). Fourth, defining the basics of business is another strategy of avoiding communication barrier. When the objectives of business are clearly communicated to individuals, then chances of misconception are significantly reduced (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 23). Finally, Careful selecting communication media is another strategy used to avoid communication barrier. Some of communication channels used creates communication barriers. Thus, it is essentially for an individual to use proper communication media. For example, when wanting to communicate abroad using of email may be more reliable communication media than use of telephone (Thompson, 2004, p. 56). Globalization of business poses a significant intercultural communication challenges. This is because culture differ across nations; thus, the need to adopt appropriate strategy to enhance effective intercultural communication. These strategies include the following. The organization should educate its staff on various cultural practices present at the

Wiki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wiki - Essay Example A number of reasons for businesses to invest in healthy foods in the article include building relations and stronger connections with customers and communities respectively, as demonstrated by Wal-Mart. Disney, Walgreens, and other restaurants have made changes towards healthy foods through reducing sodium, eliminating junk foods, and cutting on fat and calorie content. The fact that businesses will stand to benefit from this arrangement is the reasoning behind the call for them to invest and expand provision o healthy food to meet the cause of their bottom-line while increasing the heath standards in America and consequently reducing obesity rates. The other reason is the need to reduce obesity and health related illnesses whose costs are also borne by businesses indirectly through lower productivity, absenteeism, and directly through payment of hospitalization bills. The other reason behind the call for businesses to venture into healthy food business is the costs they have to bear from the impacts of obesity and health related illnesses. The result of measures to promote healthy living by different people in society is 13% reduction in obesity rates of elementary school-aged kids in Mississippi, fall in obesity rates in New York, Philadelphia, and California. However, the goal is far from accomplished, and businesses are challenged to give â€Å"American families better information and healthier choices†. Obesity being a universal theme, Dhruv Khullar writes on availability of junk foods cheaply than healthy foods and measures to reverse the trend in â€Å"Why Shame won’t stop obesity†. Khullar (2012) explores high availability of â€Å"high-fat, high-calorie, and low nutrient foods†, as the main causes of increased obesity and associated diseases in America. He delves into the issue of obesity advertising and shaming

Multinational Business in Japan and South East Asia Term Paper

Multinational Business in Japan and South East Asia - Term Paper Example Japanese economic growth following the American occupation wars remarkable for its magnitude, speed, and downright relentlessness. Between 1957 and 1984, Japan's gross national product increased from $3.08 billion to $1.261 billion, a 42-fold jump. Moreover, Japan's economy grew at an annual rate of 9 percent per year during the high-growth years of the 1960s. How was this economic miracle achieved? Japan has employed a version of "developmental capitalism" that allows for a much greater government role in promoting Japan's international competitiveness than is typical in Anglo-American liberal capitalism. Japanese business and government leaders started to develop and implement policies aimed at promoting national economic growth following the end of the U.S occupation of Japan in 1952. The government has positively influenced economic growth through wise macroeconomic policies. Business in Japan has maintained very close relations with the bureaucracy and politician.  Japan's gro ss national savings at its zenith reached nearly 40 percent in the post-war period. Between 1960 and 1980, the Japanese saved around 20 percent of their disposable personal income. The high level of savings of households provided banks and other financial institution with ample funds for heavy investment in the private sector. Japan has invested heavily in developing an effective education and training system. Companies are responsible for providing technical training to the persons they hire.  Japan's economic success can be explained by largely the Cold War and the relationship between the United States and Japan that it produced. The cold war rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union led the United States to shelter Japan from the vagaries of international politics, permitting the Japanese to focus their attention and resource on achieving economic growth. Advocates of "free rider" in which the U.S-Japan relationship has supported Japanese economic growth. The Unit ed States provided cheap technology transfer to Japan following World War II and promoted the Japanese economic build-up through its international trade policy. From an economic standpoint, the contrast between the 1990s and the cold war years can be seen by looking at Japan's real economic growth rate. In 1992, Japan's economy entered a period of stagnation with economic growth rates much below the previous average. In retrospect, it is clear that the Japanese economy became dominated by a financial bubble in the 1980s and early 1990s. In May 1989, the government tightened its monetary policies to suppress the rise in the value of assets such as land. By the end of 1990, the Tokyo stock market had fallen 38%, wiping out 300 trillion yen (the US $ 2.07 trillion) in value, and land prices dropped steeply from their speculative peak. This plunge into recession is known as the "bubble economy". The post-bubble recession continued through the second half of the 1990s.  

Promotional Activities Essay Example for Free

Promotional Activities Essay Section 1.0 Introduction Throughout this assignment, I will be producing a plan of a promotion campaign for an existing business. I have decided to choose Marks and Spencer Plc. I will be looking at how Marks and Spencer use promotional activities and incorporate them into a promotional mix creating a vital choice in the success of the promotion campaign. As well, I will be considering whether promotional activities can affect a business’ final choice of promotional mix. Marks and Spencer Plc are located all over the UK, with currently 600 stores that range from the large stores to the simply food stores, but their largest store is situated at Marble Arch on London’s Oxford Street. By 1975 Marks and Spencer had opened over 285 international stores. The locations of all Marks and Spencer have nearby bus stops and car parks enabling it to be accessible to its customers, in addition, a large number for the stores have collect by car facilities for customers to pick up their goods at a later time. They currently employ over 75,000 employees in the UK and internationally. Marks and Spencer was founded by Michael Marks in 1884. He opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate Market and all the items were sold for a penny. In 1894 Thomas Spencer invested  £300 to become Michael’s partner in the company.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Marks and Spencer have a very user friendly website, that shows their aims and objectives that they want to achieve to be a successful business. It provides links to their promotions and to their online shopping. I will be using this website throughout my coursework. (See appendix A). They have a lot of competition that is mainly the large supermarket chains Sainsbury’s, Tesco, Asda who are all wanting customers to come to their stores because they have the products that customers are looking for at the right price for them. They do not specialise for a specific target market as  they cater for women, men and children in clothing, however their food lines tend to be the more luxurious, high quality and expensive. Their market share is 10.7% for clothing and footwear (See appendix B) and for food the market share is 3.9%. (See appendix B). Their annual turnover in the UK is  £8.16 billion and internationally is  £898 million. (See appendix B). To ensure a business succeeds within the promotional mix, promotion is key in achieving this. I will be looking in depth to see whether Marks and Spencer have achieved this or whether they need more advertisement enabling their customers to become aware of their aims and objectives in finalising the promotion. Marks and Spencer’s objectives are: Continue to invest in and grow our core UK retail business, by introducing new goods and services. Strengthen our UK property portfolio. Drive our MS Direct business. Expand our International business. Integrate Plan A (our ‘eco plan’) into every aspect of how we do business, so that we grow in a sustainable way.

A Modest Proposal Analysis

A Modest Proposal Analysis In A Modest Proposal the author, Jonathan Swift, uses techniques such as irony, satire, and sarcasm to mock the Irish government of his time. A Modest Proposal was a heavy-duty social commentary. At the time there was great hand-wringing over what to do about the masses of the poor in England, mainly London. Swift lays out a very well-reasoned solution to the problem. The solution was of course, ridiculous. After reading Swifts masterpiece, I could not believe how graphic and shocking it would be. At times I was sickened in the way he details his feelings. He does this in a letter sarcastically proposing that they sell the children of the poor to the wealthier families, as this will provide food, clothing, and will decrease the population. Throughout the letter he uses remarkable details as to how they should go about eating the children, treating them as nothing more than a new type of livestock. The letter ends with a completely different tone when the author explains the absurdity of his proposal and instead suggests something a bit more realistic like the wealthy giving up some of their luxuries. Swifts annoyance at what he saw as the immoral economic and political policies of the Irish and English governments, and he author uses the assumed voice of the economist. He uses great quantity of thorough, literalized metaphors, and ironic and sarcasm techniques to devastating effect. A Modest Proposal has been judged as an unsurpassed work of rhetorical brilliancy, and it acquires new readers additional critical attention up until now Swift exposes all of the bizarre remarks and ideas he has been discussing about are all a humorous way to make fun of the way the government is run and how they are not serving the terrible state of the country. Afterwards he expresses a proper proposal of taking away some of the wealthier peoples luxuries in order to help their economy. In this essay, I will explain the 3 techniques that I have found in Swifts proposal, such as; I rony, Satire and Sarcasm. Satire is a second technique Swift uses, he states The skin of which artificially dressed, will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen (p.286). He is indicating that rich people have a purpose and have the power to full-fill their wishes without any conditions. Swift shows all of his pain for the beggars and as a reader it shows that its all about status. On another note, Swift uses the children as satire, by exaggerating and dramatically grabs the readers attention, such as boiling and brewing of the children would end all the problems. This is a revelation of how Swift persuades the reader on how to help the rich out. Going back, he wants something done. Perhaps this satire isnt spoken as a second person, or someone elses voice, possibly what Swifts tone in this piece is anger and annoyance. Since no one is doing anything about it, in his mind he might as well suggest Eating children. This classic poem is worded completely simple and the most logical thing in the world. Its not to amuse us, but to substitute this phrase should reduce their outgoings with should eat their babies and its just another op-ed piece that is what makes it satire. The wealthy physically kept getting fatter while the poor kept starving. Swift stated that instead of spending money on importing meat, they should eat their own children and as a result to control the population and provide their own food instead of depending on importing. Yes this is sickening, but this is exactly Swifts intentions, by grossing out the public, he hoped to have them take a second look at their society and hopefully reform it. It is mocking the society, predominantly the rich and at the same time suggesting an eccentric solution to a dreadfully real problem that was obvious in London. As a matter of fact he hoped to bring a social transformation with his modest proposal. As we move on to the third technique sarcasm, was greatly involved all over in the poem. In the first paragraph of A Modest Proposal, Swift uses the words melancholy, tears and pity and grievance to sympathise with the poor people while reading and come into view to understand their situation, slowly gaining the readers confidence in preparation for his shocking proposal (p.283). When he sent out his proposal to decrease Irelands population, he only looks at the positive aim in his idea. He is showing that hes serious about his proposal by fabricating proof and figures, which shows that he has planned the dilemma for a very long time. This proposal is written sarcastically to belittle the attitude of the manufactured revolution that saw people as being a product to be exploited; in addition the mindset that the rate of people developed was beyond the rate of food growth so that there could never be enough food. Swift mentions a year old offered in sale to the persons of quality, and fortune, advising the mother to let them suck plentifully, so as to render then plump, and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends and family (p.285). His ludicrous scheme is to plump up the children and feed them off to the wealthiest. Reading that part, this made me become conscious of Swifts extreme opinion is to point out where the reader should be feeling this is unacceptable and we must put a stop to this ludicrous. This manner shows a lot of antagonism which grabs your attention and wanting to read more of his preposterous language. Swift mentions absurdity quite often, he states that the wives will be treated better now that they are having children to sell on the meat market by their husbands. He illustrates the wives as livestock, and now that they are a source of income, the husbands will treat them better, as they do their cows, pigs, chickens (p.284). This is bizarre with the idea not explored in the passage that a husband is e xceptionally vigilant with his wife and a changed man when she is with the child, because in her belly is his own family, and he wouldnt dare cause his own flesh and blood harm. However, Swift implies an opposed idea to attack the men living in tough economic situations that are cruel to their wives. After thinking it over, I have come to realize that only a true genius could write something as emotive and realistic and be taken seriously. All his techniques used gain the readers confidence and make him seem practical and realistic in an ironic way. He shocks the reader by suggesting infant cannibalism as a solution to social and poverty issues in Ireland. In doing so, Swift highlights the contrast, playing an essential role in classical satire, as well as the hypocrisy of the politicians hes looking to blame. As readers, he wants us to know how can we save Ireland? Swift managed to make it reasonable, by using many techniques, such as; irony, satire and sarcasm. He uses a lot of exaggeration to highlight his points and beliefs, shown through his irony and imagery. Humans are more than just rational beings; we rely on emotions and faith. Swift provides a cultural criticism; he clearly believes that things such as faith, emotion, and religion help our human reason in arriving at t ruths. Without them, there would be no final cause and hope for salvation because there is no sense of data to prove heaven, we would never love, relatives could die and we would not care, and life itself would lack what makes humanity so beautiful, and that is emotion. Swift recognized a problem and was able to offer a resolution in a tongue-tied way. Some were blaming the poor or the rich. Swift was able to point out the errors of both groups by simply using these three techniques.

Anselms Ontological Argument

Anselms Ontological Argument In this essay I shall describe Anselms ontological argument and look at how it may prove Gods existence. I will then go on to look at criticisms of the argument from both Gaunilo and Kant to see if they can show that the argument does not work and if not, why not. The core of Anselms ontological argument uses a reductio ad absurdum structure to attempt to prove the existence of God. He does this by showing that if the negation of the conclusion is followed then this leads to absurdity (a false or nonsensical conclusion). Anselms argument is as follows: If therefore that than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in the understanding alone [and not in reality], then this thing than which nothing greater can be conceived is something than that which a greater can be conceived. And this is clearly impossible. Therefore, there can be no doubt at all that something than which a greater cannot be conceived exists in both the understanding and in reality. This quote is somewhat confusing due to the language used so a simplified version may be of some use. The argument can be seen as such (1) God is something which nothing can be greater than; God is the being of maximum greatness. (2)It is completely possible that God can exist within reality ; God, no matter whether he actually exists within reality, can exist within some circumstances, therefore God may possibly have existed within our world. (3)Now if something exists entirely and only within the constraints of the mind and does not exist in reality but is still possible then it is plausible that that something which exists only within the mind may have been greater. (4) Now imagine that God exists only within the mind and does not exist in our reality (this can be seen to be God not actually existing at all), this allows for the idea that there is a possible entity which is greater than God. (5)So it can be a possibility that there is a being or entity which is greater than God! (6)Because God is the greatest and there is nothing which can be greater than God (as stated in point 1) then this argument has shown that there is something which can be greater than that which nothing can be greater than! Because statement 6 makes no sense due to it being self contradictory God must exist not just in the mind but also at the same time in reality. This argument has been given in many different forms over time and I will cite one here to show that the interpretation given above is not too far removed from other interpretations. The following interpretation is given by Plantinga: God exists in the understanding but not in reality. (Assumption for reductio) Existence in reality is greater than existence in the understanding alone. (Premise) 3. A being having all of Gods properties plus existence in reality can be conceived. (Premise) 4. A being having all of Gods properties plus existence in reality is greater than God. (From (1) and (2).) 5. A being greater than God can be conceived. (From (3) and (4).) 6. It is false that a being greater than God can be conceived. (From definition of God.) 7. Hence, it is false that God exists in the understanding but not in reality. (From (1), (5), (6).) 8. God exists in the understanding. (Premise, to which even the Fool agrees.) 9. Hence God exists in reality. (From (7), (8).) This interpretation basically follows the same structure as mine and uses the reductio ad absurdum principle to prove Gods existence. Now we have seen how the argument works we must look at some criticisms of Anselms approach. One of the most successful and effective criticisms is given by Gaunilo. He attacked Anselms argument by stating that his reductio ad absurdum could be applied to many things and not just god. For this reason he believed that Anselms argument was not a valid or acceptable way to justify Gods existence. Gaunilo used the example of the greatest possible island (originally conceivable but we shall use possible for cohesions sake). He went on to apply Anselms argument to the greatest possible island to prove the existence of this fictional island using the same style of reasoning which Anselm used to prove the existence of God. Now if somebody told me that there was an island greater than all other islands ever I would have absolutely no problem understanding the words which they used or the concept they were attempting to divulge. But if they then went on to state that because I can imagine the island in my mind then the island must be possible then I would have serious doubts about thi s concept (and their sanity for that matter). What follows will be Gaunilos criticism placed into the format of Anselms reductio ad absurdum argument : (1) Best island is an island that nothing can be greater than; Best island is the island of maximum greatness. (2)It is completely possible that Best island can exist within reality; Best island, no matter whether it actually exists within reality, can exist within some circumstances, therefore Best island may possibly have existed within our world. (3)Now if something exists entirely and only within the constraints of the mind and does not exist in reality but is still possible then it is plausible that that something which exists only within the mind may have been greater. (4) Now imagine that Best island exists only within the mind and does not exist in our reality (this can be seen to be Best island not actually existing at all), this allows for the idea that there is a possible island which is greater than Best island. (5)So it can be a possibility that there is a land or island which is greater than Best Island! (6)Because Best island is the greatest and there is nothing whic h can be greater than Best Island (as stated in point 1) then this argument shows that there is a possible island which is greater than the island that no island can be greater than. Because statement 6 is self contradictory then Best Island must exist not just in the mind but in reality at the same time. This argument seems to show that Anselms argument to prove God can be used to prove a lot of seemingly ridiculous ideas, for example greatest possible bouncy castle or greatest possible goat. On first impressions it would seem as though this argument goes a long way to disproving Anselms argument for God but there is a problem with this. Gaunilos argument doesnt actually tell us what is wrong with Anselms argument; although it shows that seemingly ridiculous conclusions can be proved to be true it does not specify what is exactly is wrong or invalid about Anselms argument. It does not state that any of the premises are wrong and neither does it show the conclusion to be invalid. In fact if Anselms argument is looked at in terms of logic then there is nothing wrong with it at all. Although this is the case, Gaunilos criticism is still a fairly weighty one due its ability to prove absurd conclusions. As with every objection there is always a response so now lets look at some responses to Gaunilos weighty criticism. One of these responses focuses on the idea of the greatest possible island (or best island). It states that the greatest possible island can actually not exist. My conception of the greatest possible island almost certainly differs from your conception of the greatest possible island. For example I may prefer there to be a lot of animals on the island, dangerous and non dangerous and a lot of trees. Whereas you may prefer to only have non dangerous animals and mostly open areas on the island. This shows us that although subjectively there is the possibility of the greatest possible island on a large objective scale there can be no such thing. In other words there is nothing within the definition of an island that allows for maximum greatness within a certain island. The oxford English dictionary defines an island as a piece of land surrounded by water. Clearly there is nothing there which could allow for one island to be greater than all others. It mentions nothing of the depth of water surrounding the island, whether or not there are inhabitants of the island, the size of the island etc. This is not the same for God though. Anselm describes God as maximum perfection of which nothing can be greater. The idea of God cannot be pulled away from the description of God. God is that which nothing can be greater than. This differs from the greatest possible island as the idea of perfection is a separate concept which has be added to the idea of an island. So it seems that although Gaunilos objection on first inspection is a good one it misses the point that maximum perfection cannot be separated from the concept of God whereas maximum perfection can be separated from the concept of an island. The final objection that I will look at comes from Kant, the very man who coined the phrase ontological for Anselms argument. Kants argument works by rejecting premise (3) (if something exists entirely and only within the constraints of the mind and does not exist in reality but is still possible then it is plausible that that something which exists only within the mind may have been greater). Kant states that the Anselms argument is based on the idea that a God which exists is greater than a God which does not. Kant believes this to be false and confusing. In this objection Kant states that existence is not a property which can be possessed, or not possessed by an object. He goes on to say that existence, if it not a property, is a concept which refers or corresponds to something within our world (universe). In other words if something exists then there will be an example of the thing that exists in our world. A way to illustrate this is by giving the example of a ball. This ball is blue, round, fairly heavy and has the diameter of 50cm. Now if I say that this ball exists it does not add any properties to this ball, equally if I say that it doesnt exist it adds no properties to the ball. When I say that it exists I am merely saying that there is an example of this ball within our world. When one applies this to the argument we can see why Kants objection is so well accepted amongst those who reject the ontological argument. If existence is not a property then a God which exists and a God which does not exist are absolutely identical. Both are omnipotent, omnipresent and so on. If they are both identical then Anselm cannot claim that a God which exists is greater than a God which does not exist. If this is the case then the ontological argument fails as premise three is false! One response to Kants objection is that existence adds something to our conception of a subject. If I read about superman believing that he existed I would be very impressed with his powers and what he has done etc. If then I discover that superman does not exist I may be disappointed and my conception of him may change. This then allows for existence to alter my conception of a subject thus allowing for a God that exists to be different, slightly, to a God which does not exist. This response seems somewhat weak though and I believe that Kants objection still stands. To conclude I have found that, through Kants property based objection, Anselms ontological argument fails to provide a decent way of proving Gods existence. Because Existence cannot be seen to be a property then the ontological argument fails. Gaunilo also provides some criticism of Anselm through showing that the ontological argument can be used to prove all kinds of ridiculous conclusions (if one accepts that the idea of maximum perfection can be separated from the concept of God). So because the ontological argument fails to defend itself adequately against criticism I believe that it fails as a way to prove Gods existence.

New Internet Marketing Landscape Essay -- essays research papers

The internet is changing marketing not to mention the world. "The number of internet users worldwide is expected to reach almost 1.4 billion by 2007" according to Armstrong & Kotler (2007) p. 26. The internet is also changing the ways that companies are conducting their marketing. A great example of a company that has been transformed by the new digital age is Melendi Photography (wwww.melendiphotography.com), owned and operated by my dear uncle Luis Melendi and his wife Maria, located in Key Largo, Florida. Originally a mom & pop photography company, it has now been revolutionized by the internet and telecommunications in the past 10 years. They?re main source of marketing came from local newspapers. When they first opened there storefront in 1975, they concentrated on locals and local businesses as their own means of business. Business was steady, but in a small community like Key Largo, Florida, at times business could be very slow. After analyzing and planning a new marketing tactic, they decided it would just be better to close. The year that they decided to close their photography company was the year when the internet took a nose-dive. Many dot-com companies were going out of business, but shortly after the dot-com revolution began to get stronger, and it came back with a vengeance. In 2000 with the revolution of the internet, they created a website, a virtual gallery, a virtual spot on the World Wide Web (WWW) where customers- not only from their small Florida community could view their portraits, but statewide, nationwide and worldwide, in a last ditch attempt to keep their small photography studio alive. They designed an effective website. Melendi Photography took a chance, on something they new very little of.... ...as available on the Melendi?s new site, which they could only offer in there storefront location originally. They really began to see a difference in profits. In addition, using the internet in their photography business, the Melendi?s have been able to offer greater product access and selection. Conducting business in the traditional form is still habitual, but as technology is ever-changing, business will eventually need to keep up with technology and the changes in the environmental factors and understand that with the coming of the digital-age, every aspect of a business is affected, including marketing. References Kilby, Nathalie (2007). Get connected to affiliates. Journal Marketing Week Volume 30 Issue 12. p35-36 Armstrong G. & Kotler P. (2007) Marketing: An Introduction 8E Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall Publishers

Managing Human Relations Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Management is a broad subject and time has been spent to analyse it. The study of organisations and their management, therefore, has to proceed on a broad front. No single approach provides all answers. It is the comparative study of the different approaches, which will yield benefits to the manager. A central part of the study of the organisation and management is the development of management thinking and what may be termed management theory. The application of theory brings about change in actual behaviour. Managers reading the work of leading writers on the subject might see in their ideas a message about how they should behave. There are different ways of categorising the various approaches elaborated by school of management theory (Figure 1). The following two theories will be looked at in order to spot the problems caused by the management at Aussieco. 1. Classical theory 2. Human relations theory Classical Theory According to the classical writers’ thought the main emphasis goes on the planning of the work, the technical requirements of the organisation, principles of management and the assumption of rational and logical behaviour. A clear understanding of the purpose of an organisation is seen as essential to recognise how the company works and how its methods of working can be improved. Identification of general objectives would lead to the clarification of responsibilities and purposes at all levels of the organisation. Many of the classical writers were concerned with the improvement of management structure as a mean of increasing productivity. Comparing the Classical writers thought with the actual management structure at Aussieco will prove the unstable and badly structured company’s position. Aussieco is an Australian company established in1962. The owner has been able to retain full control and ownership, acting as chairman and chief executive officer since the foundation of the business. Although he makes most final decisions, he is not involved with the daily running of the company. The executive managing director is the owner’s nephew. He is a neo-graduate with no industrial experience, completely unsuitable to cover this position. The key person of the organisation is the general manager. His role consists of organising and supervising five subordinate sectors: administration, programming, production, design and development an... ...ce a whole. If these requirements are not met, managers are misdirected and their efforts are wasted. The unequal nature of organisational life of Aussieco and Intech could cause difficulties. It may be expected that Aussieco will affect the healthy organisational environment at Intech; spoil the harmony in working relationship, loyalty and commitment to the goals and objectives of the organisation. Conflicts could emerge as a consequence of poor communication or personality clashes. Divergences among competing groups may be seen as inevitable. Conflict is a feature of the unequal nature of organisational life and a means of bringing about change . Bibliography Mullins J. (1996) Management and Organisational Behaviour, Pitman Publishing Morgan G. (1997) Images of Organisation, SEGA Publications Hollinshead G., Nicholls P., Taibly S. (1999) Employee Relations, Pitman Publishing Robbins S. (1998) Organisational Behaviour, Prentice-Hall Mabey C., Salaman G., Storey J. (1998) Human Resources Management, Blackwell Cascio W. (1998) Managing Human Resources, McGraw Hill Rollinson D. (1993) Understanding Employee Relations, Addison- Wesley

Challenges of Public education

America needs solutions Immediately because the gap represents Its future leaders of tomorrow. If thing Is done soon to correct the disturbing trend, the united States will be In danger of falling even further behind other developed countries. The many challenges are frightening: (1 ) too many high school students quit school before graduation, (2) too many high school students graduate without the ability to read or write well, (3) too many high school students are not prepared for the workforce, and (4) too many high school students are not prepared for college.In this short essay, the writer will explain some of the consequences, causes and possible solutions for America's educational dilemma. Consequences of the Problem First, if America's public school leaders don't devise a plan to improve the nation's troubling schools, the consequences will be devastating. Normally, consequences can be traced back to the student's level of education and usually comes to light when making choi ces or decisions.Furthermore, certain characteristics come In play such as a lack of motivation, which may prevent someone from securing a Job because the person wasn't motivated enough to take classes or gain the skills needed for a job. The lack of motivation is a problem in my hometown of Lenore, NC, located in Caldwell County. The county has seen substantial job losses lately because many workers were unqualified to enter into advanced manufacturing methods. As a result, many jobs have been shipped overseas resulting in high unemployment rates within the region.Although the graduation rate in Caldwell County has been rising over the past decade, that wasn't always the case decades ago. The county high school dropout rate was significantly higher approximately 20 years ago, well above the national average. One of the mall reasons was that many furniture factories didn't require a gig school diploma for low-paying and unskilled labor. This statistic isn't to say the workers weren' t Intelligent, only that they weren't motivated enough to Improve themselves when educational opportunities were available.As a result, most of the uneducated factory workers will face high unemployment rate for the rest of their life Probably the most important consequence of failing public schools is that students are not prepared for college upon high school graduation. My dad, a department chair and instructor at a local community college, tells me that a majority f students come to the college unprepared for college-level classes. Most students have to be placed in so-called developmental classes, which don't count as college credit. Plus, the more developmental classes students have to take, the less likely it will be for them to graduate.Therefore, many students drop out of college because they either can't do the college-level work or determine that it will take them too long to graduate. Causes of the Problems Second, in order to address America's public school crisis, it i s first necessary to understand the underlining causes of the problem. For many students, the reason for poor academics can be traced to their own self-esteem. Thus, it is quite possible that the student wasn't challenged enough in school or encouraged enough by the teacher or parent.Without a doubt, a poor teacher has a tremendous impact on the academic achievement of a student. As an example, â€Å"how many times have you heard of students who credit their teacher for their success in life because the teacher believed in them? † Likewise, a dysfunctional home life has a negative effect, as conditions around the home may not conducive to student learning. For instance, if a student can't find a quiet place to read or study without distractions, then it makes it more difficult to learn the subject matter, usually resulting in a lower grade.On the other hand, Sam Dillon of The New York Times concluded that the blame for America's sagging academic achievement does not lie solel y with public schools, but also with dysfunctional families and a culture that undervalues education. Schools are inheriting an over-entertained, distracted student (3). Moreover, first-generation students whose parents never attended college also face numerous obstacles making t more difficult for them to be successful in the classroom. It's really sad that many parents don't care about their child's grades.In doing so, it's the students who suffer at no fault of their own. In addition, low academic standards are a major problem in public schools. Often, too many school systems have set the graduation bar so low that nearly everyone graduates from high school, whether the student is ready or not. Furthermore, many teachers assign students â€Å"busy-work† that's not very challenging. This type of work does nothing to develop critical thinking skills. In laity, low academic standards Oust like student cheating) will only hurt the student in the long run.This loss of knowledge is literally slipping through the student's fingertips without them knowing the harm it causes. Thus, not only is the student harmed, the reputation of the school might be as well. No doubt the academic reputation of a school influences the parent's decision on whether to move into or out of school districts. To the contrary, friends from private schools have told me their academic standards are much higher than public schools, and that their SAT scores are higher on the average too. Perhaps, the main cause of public school failure can be blamed on poverty.Without a doubt, people living in poverty have more important things on their mind than making good grades in school. Parents may be more concerned about rent, groceries, car payments, and less concerned about their children's education. My dad has always told me that there is a direct correlation generally have lower Gaps, while students from wealthier families tend to have higher Gaps. † Unfortunately, this disturbing tre nd has plagued this country for decades, and it doesn't appear to be getting any better. Solutions for ProblemsAlthough the writer suspects that many possible solutions have already been tried to improve our failing public school systems, the state public schools systems may want to try the following innovative solutions: (1) provide students free college tuition for the first two years of college if the student maintains a certain high school GAP (say a B average) and is also able to maintain that same â€Å"B† average in college, and (2) base teacher's bonus on a combination of evaluations done by the students, other teachers, and their own student scores on standardized test.To begin, if the state loud add a motivator or incentive like free college tuition for the first two years of college for any student who maintains a â€Å"B† average in high school, it would greatly improve high school graduation rates. Not only that, more people would graduate with higher-leve l reading, math, and writing skills. Moreover, student debt levels would be much lower (at least 50%) if they attended a four-year college, or have no debt if they went to a two-year community college. It's a win-win situation for the student and school.Also, the state can base a teacher's bonus pay on a combination of students, other cheer evaluations, and their own student scores on standardized test. Initially, students get to evaluate their own teachers. Next, teachers get to rate or evaluate other teachers teaching the same subjects (I. E. , English teachers rating English teachers), since they would probably know which teachers are most respected among their peers. Lastly, the other part of the teacher's bonus could be based on student achievement on standardized test. Combining all three factors together helps determine the teacher bonus for that year.By doing it this way, those superior searchers will be rewarded with higher bonuses, while the underperforming teachers will g et little or no pay bonuses. Then, maybe the underperforming teachers will consider switching Jobs, as students deserve only the best. Likewise, since teachers are considered the backbone of the education systems, the school systems should do all they can to retain the good teachers. While the new pay standard for teacher's bonuses might be difficult to pass (especially with teacher unions and lobbying organizations), the reward may outweigh the risk because outstanding teachers will produce better students.Conclusion America's public educational standards are low compared to other international educational systems. In short, America's high school students Just aren't prepared for college or even high-tech Jobs after entering the workplace after high school. At the very least, public schools need to set the educational bar higher in terms of reading, writing, and math skills. In addition, schools need to hold underperforming teachers accountable. As discussed above, many challenges and factors make it difficult for the school and student to succeed in the classroom.

Professional Identity of Michelin Star Restaurants Chefs

Chef in Michelin atomic number 82 eatery to a slap-uper extent than a profesion original in the flesh(predicate) individuation of Michelin lede eating places chefs 4th GRC 2012 School of cordial reception and tourism At Taylors alum School Petaling Jaya Chef in Michelin head eating house to a greater extent(prenominal) than a profesion sea captain individualal indistinguishability element of Michelin lede eating places chefs Master in internationalist cordial reception Management By benzoin Gouet 2012 asa dulcis Gouet 1 Chef in Michelin sentience eatery to a greater extent than a profesion original individuality of Michelin jumper lead eaterys chefsGeneral Introduction Since duo of years, the culinary serviceman and the dividing line of chef down taken another dimension with forecast to the unexclusive imprint cod to the branch of m each culinary and chef television read either all over the word. thence before this new culinary shorten on TV, the catering industry and in detail the callingal kitchen did not benefit of angiotensin converting enzyme attractive label under the public legal opinion view, the kitchen was horizontal pointed reveal and condemned for its most hold knocked out(p)ing environment, art objecticularly the Michelin booster cables eating place.Why this sudden climax of the tradingal kitchen ground promotion, and the job of chef since the t hold backency 10 years, especially that michelin sensation eating place chef, then that this work was totally denigrated and forgotten previously. Is that a fad? What is the message send behind this promotion? Is that a all-encompassing international promotional campaign in line of battle to regild the blazon of chef? Or a vast indirect recruitment campaign, in sensation sector where the hands is pain exuberanty lacking? Or probably more than both, because of the unpopularity of this industry, va jackpott positions be numerous and manp ower unceasingly sought.But, first of all what we go to sleep exactly active chef strain itself? What do we accredit round the Michelin pull in eatery creation and their Chefs ? Can we define them exactly? Do we know chefs indentity in Michelin asterisk restaurant? And what about the trade of Michelin headliner Chef, which is not a new trend on the contrary of TVs shows, that is loosely forgotten or hidden, thusly that seems an grave reflexion which be foregrounded in order to better intellect on the conception of Michelin sensation chef. gum benzoin Gouet 2 Chef in Michelin leading restaurant more than a profesion superior personal identity element of Michelin mavin restaurants chefsThe work of chef, has always existed because of its character to meet a primary involve to feed, and this task has cross the times which it has last-risk its identity and its flori kitchen-gardening. Therefore, what we know about the historical past of chef commerce? Th e job of chef has it conserved some(prenominal) mark or habits of its historical dry land? And if it is the content, why? Finally, very few lookes and studies have been undertaken regarding the strong suit of chefs in itself, and more limitedally in Michelin ace restaurant field.Therefore it seems authentically kindle to look into this field, the world of Michelin supporter restaurant Chefs and their indentities, whose the public opinion didnt know oftentimes about this handi ruse. except the little rive seen during the TVs shows, but is that the populace ? Benjamin Gouet 3 Chef in Michelin headliner restaurant more than a profesion professional person identity of Michelin esthesis restaurants chefs I. Introduction The commerce of chef, has always existed because of its peculiarity to meet a primary need to feed, and this occupation has crossed the times which it has forged its identity.But this profession has been promoted there is further a decade ago especially by actor of all the media whose virtuoso in incident the TV. The mass medium of chef was previously poorly considered by the public opinion. , because of its poor image and report card made during the past. However, the job of chef have some(prenominal)(prenominal) faces according to the display case of culinary art produced. indeed the profession itself varies passing according to whether the chef work in collectivity kitchen, a traditionalistic restaurant, a theme restaurant or a michelin star restaurant, which all dont have the self comparable(prenominal) vision and mission in impairment of craft.Therefore the occupation of chef as its identity be not same according to the the type of catering trading developped. Here the con entrust be focused notwithstanding one type of catering business, the Michelin star restaurants, which argon still yet not really cognize by the opinion and the queryers, stilbestrolpite their mediatitation finished and through thei r celebrated and hale known Chef, which shows save one survey of the this type of catering excellence.Therefore the interrogation testament be digested with precisely michelin star restaurant with drive to to focus on the identity of their chefs, which seems pretty antithetic than a chef who full treatment in collectivity kitchen or theme restaurant for instance. Indeed the michelin star ar highly promoted since the 2000s especially through TV shows (culinary shows, culinary challenges, chefs competitions, ), whereas they have been in shadow during some(prenominal) decades, except few worldwide notable chefs as Paul Bocuse, AlainBenjamin Gouet 4 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion sea captain identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Ducasse, Joel Robuchon or Gordon Ramsay due to their exceptional success and achievements. despite this advent since the 2000s towards the Michelin star chefs the public opinion as well the seekers dont know about t his type of chefs except what is seen and on shown on TV but is that really the thruth and the reality ? We be entitled to ask us.Thus, due to the weak number of queryes and investigation thereof a poor info regarding the profession of chef, especially that of Michelin star chef, the gap of acquaintance seems wide and broad. 1. Project priming The root has chosen the culinary field, especially the chefs in Michelin star restaurants, due to its pro background in gastronomic and feature restaurants as chef, as well as his beloved for the durability of chef, gastronomy and Michelin star restaurants.The idea to move the head of the profession of chef and its identiy, in Michelin star restaurants, came up later a query done on the bailiwick of the boss around in profesionnal kitchens, where one article pointed out the behavior of the head chef in one Michelin star restaurant but without any explanations regarding the identity or even the precepts of the metier of chef in this type of restaurant.Therefore the author started to do some researches regarding this topic, indentity of have chefs, and he didnt gravel much aticles, investigation or any literature on its same topic, whereas copulate of articles have been published on the form, come alive-mentoring or bullying in profesionnal, and this without know the indentity, the culture or the precepts of the star chefs. The researcher unmistakable to do its orbit on this topic in aim to gain a better cause on the job of chef in michelin star restaurant and to cozy up their identity which may be different from a chef in traditional restuarant.Benjamin Gouet 5 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs One other option was achievable for the author, the profession of chef with its precepts its culture and identity, but after couple of research the topic appe atomic number 18d as well as broad and wide, therefore the resear cher distinct to reduce the topic to the identity of chef and only in Michelin star restaurant. Why only Michelin star restaurant ?Because due to the high interest group of the author towards gastronomic and starred restaurant, it more clear in trems of info to use starred restaurant which are awarded by the internationally and worldwide recognize Michelin Guide. 2. Aims, objectives and victor & scentific stakes of the research This research go out be carried out in the field of the gastronomy. More specifically on one aspect of the gastronomy the starred chefs. Indeed this assume lean over starred Chefs with the view to highlight their identity.The culinary field, in concomitant the kitchen and chefs have always been not well known from the professional world and researchers even highly criticized sometimes over the past, and despite this studies, investigations and researches towards the profesionnal kitchen and chefs are not numerous, therefore the gap of knowledges is br oad and wide. The type of research conduct here is an exploratory research because only a lsmall quantity of discipline and data exist already on the topic of identity of starred chefs.The goal of this study is to annex the understanding of this topic. The objectives of this research are versatile and have been delimit as clearly beforehand, are as follows ? To highlight the world of Michelin star restauarnt ? To ontogeny the understanding towards the starred gastronomy Benjamin Gouet 6 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs ? To identify out the indentity of starred chefs ? To maturation the understanding towards the profession of chefsm espcially in Michelin star restaurant ?To find out why and how become a starred chef ? To find out is there is any race between the metier of starred chef and the heat energy These six aims are all towards the same main goal which is to increase the understanding of t he profession and the identity of starred Chefs. The field undertaken for this research is the sociology, especially the sociology of profession. Here are the dubietys/resarches/ growths of the study ? The profession/metier of Chef in Michelin star restaurant ?Differences and requirements between a Chef in michelin star and a unstained chef ? Is it a vocation to be a Chef in Michelin star restaurant ? What are the factors or turning ponts which identify a cook to become a Michelin star aChef ? Are there any relationship between the metier of Michelin star chef and the fretfulness the profession of the Michelin star chef and the person-to-person background (fornation, training, pitch across, education) the prestigiousness and the metier of chef the profesionnal expectations/career and the metier of Michelin star Chef ?Does the profession of Michelin star Chef is an political orientation ? Benjamin Gouet 7 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional i dentity of Michelin star restaurants chefs The hypotheses to meet the issues ? The profession of Michelin star Chef is a vocation ? forrader being a profession Michelin star chef is a passion of gastronomy/ preparedness ? The private background (formation, experience, training, education) influence in the election to be a Michelin star Chef, as the turnings points in life ?The Michelin satr Chef looking for the prestige and the recognization through the Michelin stars ? The remuneration is note the leitmotiv of the porfession of Michelin star chef ? The metier of Michelien stars chefs require the exigency, the precise, to be meticulous and have the sens of detail, more than anyone 3. Structure of address The dissertation is organized in six ordinate and distinct parts which are articulate in that way 1. Introdcution 2. Literature round off 3. Problematization and methological review 4. Presentation of the exits 5.From the results to recommendations 6. buncoclusion Benjamin G ouet 8 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs II. Literature review The topic selected for this dissertation is undertaken through the sociology field in particular that regarding the professions and metiers, due to its topic oriented to to the affectionate sciences which is focused on the profession of chefs in Michelin star restaurants, especially on the identities of these chefs through their jobs.According to Oxford Dictionary the identity is defined as the fact of being who or what a person is, and the characteristics determining who or what a person is. Palmer, C. , barrel maker, J. and burn, P. (2010) state that from a divinatory perspective the notion of identity has generated much discussion and debate linked to a variety of approaches and disciplines, for example psycho psychoanalysis, literary unfavorable judgment and theory, lesbian and gay studies, sociology, anthropology and psychology. However , identity is more than a set of suppositious propositions it is in a higher place all a lived experience for the man-to-man concerned (Palmer, 1998).Zarca (1988) stipulate that the metier is a group culture, it is transmitted from propagation to generation through learning. It has gestures and language that are part of the consistency and assign a framework, whose edges are not seen as such in the constitution of the identity of any entran andt it articulates various status. While the Oxford Dictionary defined the profession or the metier as a paid occupation, especially one that involves lengthen training and a formal qualification. what is more in this study the author looks into he professional identity which is an aspect of personal and amicable identity that develops in professional personnel as a result of their work activities. Benjamin Gouet 9 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs yet Sundin , O. & Hedman, J. (1996) scheme of professions, unneurotic with the concepts of cognitive authority, occupational identity and learning interest, contributes to a deeper understanding of issues concerning how practitioners information behavior is formed, hold and negotiate in society.The occupation of chef has always held a seat in our society since hundreds and hundreds years, but the literature regarding the identity and the culture of this profession is not plethoric, therefore researchers cannot define exactly when the work of chef appeared for the first time even if they have knowledges of devil case, one in the Ancient Greece and one in the Roman Antiquity. The oldest famous chef known to date is the French Guillaume Tirel alias Taillevent from the fourteenth century.Couple of authors as Civitello (2011), Symons (2003), Pastson-Williams (1993), discuss about cooking and chefs history. about paper trail from the seventeenth century, have highlighted that cook was consid ered as a profession, Mac scam Iomaire (2008) states that Crespin (164114-16) cited in Wheaton (1983110-11) describes the spanking social life in kitchens full of love affairs, good dining-at their masters expense-and comradeliness where the staff covered for one another. Some culinary professionals, however, took their positions very seriously.Here for the historical past, now look to the present, and what has been done on the topic. Regarding the previous researches which have been done on the identity and culture of chef topic, Cameron (2001), states that Existing research consequence demonstrates several points of agreement about the occupational culture of chefs. Chefs through their craft and tradition tend to possess a strong self-identity. Although something of a stereotype, there is evidence that chefs can be temperamental hould traditional value dodges be challenged, particularly where such challenges undermine self-perceptions of professionalism and suggests as well pagan identity belongs not principally to the government activity but to the occupation in term of Benjamin Gouet 10 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs concepts, judgments, ideas and norms, which are overlap by a group of large number (Hofmaier, 1980). Values, beliefs and practices become specific to their profession (Chivers, 1973 mulct, 1996).The signification of cosmopolitan occupational values is that the occupation builds degrees of autonomy from the stringent rules and polices set by the organisation. However, Palmer,Cooper and Burns (2010) suggest that identity is more than a set of theoretical propositions it is above all a lived experience for the individual concerned (Palmer, 1998). While, more scientific Tajfel (1972) stipulate that social identification can refer to the influence of locating a person within a system of social categorizations or to any social categorizations used by a perso n to define himself or others.It willing be used in the latter soul here and thus denotes and element of cognitive structure. As regards the face of one professional kitchen, which is also a part of the study under the main research, Mac Con Iomaire (2008) suggests that Kitchens are hierarchical organisations and are run on authoritarian precepts. The word chef means chief, and there can only be one chief in a Kitchen, which demonstrate that the organizational structure is all-important(a) in one professional kitchen, together with the importance accorded to the hierarchy by organization itself, the chefs.Palmer, Cooper and Burns (2010) stipulate that the world of professional chefs and their kitchens remained largely secluded until the progeny of the phenomenon of celebrity chefs whose open kitchens revealed the previously private backstage (Goffman, 1959) of professional cooking. While this media-generated interest has been accompanied by fascinating biographic accounts o f being a chef (Bourdain, 2001 Ramsay, 2006 White, 2006 Wright, 2006) and of the restaurant business (Parkinson and Green, 2001) it has not translated into a significant body of schoolman literature on and studies of chefs. which highlight the lacking of literature and research towards the occupation of chefs and its attributes. Benjamin Gouet 11 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs However several authors as Andrew F (2005), Civitello (2011), Dixon (2002), hunky-dory (2008), and the famous Chef Bourdain (2001) discuss and debate on the world of chefs and its specific aspects.Furthermore various other cerebrate studies have been conducted include those by Cameron (2001, 2004), Cameron et al (1999), Chivers (1972, 1973), beauteous (1990) Johns and Menzel (1999), Mac Con Iomaire (2008),), Murray-Gibbons and Gibbons (2007), Palmer, Cooper and Burns (2010), Pratten (2003a, 2003b). Finally Palmer, Cooper and B urns (2010) states that research on chefs and identity has been carried out in North America by Fine (1987,1996a, 1996b) and is significant in hurt of the sociological structures inherent in what Fine refers to as the occupational rhetorics of work and identity (1996a).Benjamin Gouet 12 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs III. Problematization and methological review The study has to aim to meet to six hypotheses which are ? The profession of Michelin star Chef is a vocation ? out front being a profession Michelin star chef is a passion of gastronomy/cooking ? The personal background (formation, experience, training, education) influence in the woof to be a Michelin star Chef, as the turnings points in life ?The Michelin satr Chef looking for the prestige and the recognization through the Michelin stars ? The remuneration is note the leitmotiv of the porfession of Michelin star chef ? The metier of Michel ien stars chefs require the exigency, the precise, to be meticulous and have the sens of detail, more than anyone Therefore the type of research conduct here is an exploratory research because only a little quantity of information and data exist already on the topic selected Professional identity of Michelin star restaurant chefs.The goal of this study is to increase the understanding of this topic. Qualitative regularity will be used for this research, in starting from the observation/description/data collection, towards analysis then to the explanation, which will be an inducive approach conduct here. The qualitative rule has been chosen because it provides a rich descend of information gathered from the respondents, which is essential for this study related to social science which collapse various aspect of the human behaviour.Moreover, in-depth hearings has been selected as the only research tool here, because this method is really useful for hiting complex interconnectio ns in social relationships Benjamin Gouet 13 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs which is the case here for this research, furthermore the possibility that provides it to discover issues or new aspects not considered previously, is really interesting here, because the interviewee may expand the topic and add depth.Besides a letter requesting federation in the research with will be sent by mail and also email to all the Head-Chef selected beforehand, this with an explanatory letter of the conduct study and its aims, in supplement to a go for form which will be provided as well during the sending. At least fifteen to twenty French Head-Chef from Michelin-Starred restaurant will be interviewed, in France and United Kingdom, mainly in capital of France and London. The exact number of interviews will see of the agreement or not of the respondents, and their availabilities to make an interview.The interviews will be structured around several themes linked to the issues researched and the specific questions are designed to explore these themes the identity of starred chefs being the main topic of the dissertation. These interviews will be conducted through a interview template which include relevant question amd the way to process during the interviews, and this for the chefs interviewed. Furthermore, at the end of each interview, it will be asked to the histrion whether he is agree that his name and business be identified to the tape enter and to the use of the data collected for academic purposes.Otherwise, anonymity will be maintained in terms of the attribution of specific comments to individual chefs. All the information and data provide by the interview (tape record and transcripts of interviews) will be retained in confidential secure storage during flipper years and will be ruined beyond the fifth year. Finally this research will be undertaken an honourable manner, all the p oints in respect of others as ethical will be thoroughly followed and respected, including through a information sheet Benjamin Gouet 14 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs nd a consent sheet also for the participants, which both have been elaborated and approved by the moral philosophy Committee at Taylors University, together with the examination beforehand, of the validity and the acceptability of the research, by the tutor. Benjamin Gouet 15 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Bibliography and References Abbott, A. D. (1988). The system of professions an shew on the division of expert labor, sugar The University of Chicago Press. Andrew F, C. (2005), The Cooks, Virtualbookworm Publishing. Bourdain, A. 2001), Kitchen Confidential Adventures in the culinary Underbelly, Bloomsbury, London. Cameron, D. S. (2001), Chefs and occupat ional culture in a hotel chain A grid-group analysis, tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 3, pp. 103-14. Cameron, D. S. (2004), Organizational and Occupational cargo Exploring Chefs from a Cultural Perspective, Ph. D. thesis, University of Surrey. Cameron, D. S. , J. Gore, T. Desombre and M. J. Riley (1999), An examination of the common affects of occupation culture and organization culture The case of chefs in hotels, transnational journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 8, pp. 225-34. Chapoulie, J. M. (1973), Sur lanalyse sociologique des groupes professionnels, revaluation Francaise de Sociologie, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 86-114. Chivers, T. S. (1972), Chefs and Cooks. Ph. D. thesis, University of London. Civitello, L. (2011), Cuisine and Culture A History of Food and People, John Wiley & Sons. Dixon, J. (2002), The ever-ever-changing Chicken Chooks, Cooks and culinary Culture, UNSW Press. Dubar, C. (2010), La socialisation Construction des identites sociales et professionne lles, Armand Colin. Benjamin Gouet 16Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Dubar, C. (1998), Trajectoires sociales et formes identitaires Clarifications conceptuelles, Priptemps. Dubar, C. & Tripier, P. (2011), Sociologie des professions, Armand Colin. Fine, G. A. (1987), Working cooks The dynamics of professional kitchens, veritable Research on Work and Occupations, vol. 4, pp. 141-58. Fine G. A. (1996a), Justifying work Occupational rhetorics as resources in restaurant kitchens, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 1, pp. 90-115. Fine G. A. (1996b), Kitchens The Culture of Restaurant Work, University of, California Press, Berkeley. Hotho, S. (2008), Professional identity product of structure, product of preference Linking changing professional identity and changing professions, journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 21, issue 6, pp. 721-742. Johns, N. & P. J. Menzel (1999), If you cant stand the heat Kitchen violence and culinary art, International diary of Hospitality Management, vol. 18, pp. 99-109. Mac Con Iomaire, M. 2008), Understanding the HeatMentoring A perplex for Nurturing Culinary Talent, Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, vol. 6, pp. 43-62. Macdonald, K. M. (1995), The Sociology of the Professions, Sage Publications. Menger, P. M. (2003), Les professions et leurs sociologies, Editions MSH. Murray-Gibbons, R. and Gibbons, C. (2007), Occupational stress in the chef profession, International Journal of coeval Hospitality Management, vol. 19, pp. 32-42. Neirinck, E. & Poulain, J. P. (1988), Histoire de la cuisine et des cuisiniers techniques culinaires et pratiques de table, en France, du Moyen-Age a nos jours, J.Lanore. Benjamin Gouet 17 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Ottenbacher, M. & Harrington, R. J. (2007), The innovation development process of Michelinstarred chefs, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 19, issue 6, pp 444-460. Palmer, C. , Cooper, J. and Burns, P. (2010), Culture, identity, and belonging in the culinary underbelly, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 4, pp. 311? 26. Patson-Williams, S. 1993),The art of dining a history of cooking & eating, National Trust. Pratten, J. D. (2003a), The training and retention of chefs, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 15, issue 4, pp. 237-42. Pratten, J. D. (2003b), What makes a great chef? , British Food Journal, vol. 105, issue 7, pp. 454-459. Rambourg, P. (2010), Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie francaises, Librairie Academique Perrin. Ruhlman,M. (2007), The Reach of a Chef Professional Cooks in the Age of honor ,Penguin Books. Ruhlman,M. 2001), The Soul of a Chef The Journey Toward Perfection, Penguin Books. Sundin, O. & Hedman, J. (1996), Theory of professions and occupational iden tities, The Swedish School of library and Information Science. Symons, M. (2003), A History of Cooks and Cooking, University of Illinois Press. Workman, A. & Pickard, J. (2008), Professional Identity in Multi-Disciplinary Teams The Staff Speak, Journal of Integrated Care,vol. 16, issue 3, pp29-37. Zarca, B. (1988), Identite de metier et identite artisanale, reassessment Francaise de Sociologie, vol. 29, issue 2, pp. 247-273. Benjamin Gouet 18